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Exam 5: Instrumental Conditioning

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Question 21

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What are the differences between negative reinforcement and punishment? Between escape and avoidance?

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Question 22

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According to Skinner, superstitious behavior is due to

A) an accidental negative response-reinforcer contingency.
B) interim reinforcement.
C) terminal reinforcement.
D) adventitious reinforcement.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Question 23

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Closer examination of Skinner's superstition experiment revealed that what appeared to be idiosyncratic behaviors was\were really

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

What are the similarities and differences between positive and negative reinforcement?

Thorndike determined that with extensive training, cats will open their mouths in order to gain release from a puzzle box, but will not give a bona fide yawn. This is an example of

The frog jumping contest is fast approaching. Your jumper has a maximum leap of 5 feet, far less than needed for a win. In order to train your frog to jump farther, you should begin by giving it a fly when it jumps _____.

With some difficulty, a raccoon was trained to place a single coin in a piggy bank, but when the trainer attempted to train the raccoon to place two coins in the bank, the raccoon rubbed the coins together for minutes on end, and would not drop the coins. This is an example of

Which of the following is not a conditioned reinforcer?

According to behavioral systems theory, the periodicity of interim responses is best explained by

In a discrete trial procedure, the researcher can measure all of the following except

A positive contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns, researchers determined that

What is meant by belongingness in instrumental conditioning? How does belongingness contribute to animal "misbehavior" in learning situations?

Subjects exposed to inescapable shock in the exposure phase of a learned helplessness experiment typically show slowed escape learning during a later conditioning phase. However, if during the conditioning phase their escape responses are marked by an external stimulus, they show little disruption of their escape learning. This suggests that

A positive contingency between a response and an appetitive stimulus is also known as

What factors contribute to the effectiveness of an instrumental reinforcer?

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades. Skinner would attribute this behavior to

The competition between natural responses and the responses required by the experimenter sometimes leads to the development of behaviors that interfere with an animal making an instrumental response. The development of these behaviors is called

Pigeons have a baseline gape response of 10-15 mm. In order to shape the gape response for a wider opening, the first reinforcers should be delivered when the pigeon opens its mouth _____.