Question 1

Incorrectly estimating that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)   conjunction fallacy.
B)   alternative outcome effect.
C)   gambler's fallacy.
D)   base rate fallacy.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 2

After seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house wearing horn-rimmed glasses on a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she must be a librarian. Your judgment is based on

Accepted Answer

A)   subjective probability.
B)   subjective utility.
C)   the availability heuristic.
D)   the representativeness heuristic.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 3

The most recent theories of language development emphasize the subjective nature of human experience.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

Accepted Answer

A)   ignore subjective probabilities when making decisions.
B)   estimate the probability of an event by judging the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
C)   estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
D)   ignore common stereotypes when estimating probabilities.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 5

Evolutionary theorists argue all of the following EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)   traditional research on decision making has imposed invalid and unrealistic standards of rationality.
B)   human brains are wired to think in terms of base rates and probabilities.
C)   humans only seem irrational because cognitive psychologists have been asking the wrong questions.
D)   human decision making and problem solving strategies have been tailored to handle real world adaptive problems.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

____________________ theories argue that the neural circuits supporting language are not prewired, but develop gradually in response to language learning experiences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ theories argue that the neural circuits...

Question 7

Owners of automobile junkyards prefer to use the term automobile recycling centers. This is an example of the use of:

Accepted Answer

A)   framing
B)   semantic slanting
C)   anticipatory name calling
D)   subjective utilityE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 8

People tend to inaccurately estimate that more deaths occur as a result of tornadoes than from asthma because of a tendency to

Accepted Answer

A)   overestimate the probable.
B)   underestimate the probable.
C)   overestimate the improbable.
D)   underestimate the improbable.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 9

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, and so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on

Accepted Answer

A)   subjective utility.
B)   the representativeness heuristic.
C)   the availability heuristic.
D)   expected value.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 10

Research into the impact of bilingualism on language development suggests that bilingual children tend to have smaller vocabularies in each of their languages then monolingual children do.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

When using elimination by aspects to choose between different alternatives, it is best to evaluate the ____________________ aspect first.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When using elimination by aspects to choose...

Question 12

The conjunction fallacy is a tendency to

Accepted Answer

A)   ignore information about base rates when estimating the probabilities of certain combinations of outcomes.
B)   overestimate the odds of a chance event if that event hasn't occurred recently.
C)   draw general conclusions based on a few isolated cases.
D)   believe that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 13

Herbert Simon's theory of bounded rationality asserts that people's reliance on simple decision-making strategies often results in suboptimal decisions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The availability heuristic implies that people will ____ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and ____ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

Accepted Answer

A)   overestimate; underestimate
B)   underestimate; overestimate
C)   overestimate; overestimate
D)   underestimate; underestimateE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Based on the results from the Featured Study on intuitive decisions versus careful deliberation, if an individual is faced with a simple decision you should encourage the individual to

Accepted Answer

A)   use conscious, careful deliberation.
B)   focus on the way the decision is framed.
C)   make an unconscious, intuitive decision.
D)   delay the decision for as long as possible.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 16

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions they tend to

Accepted Answer

A)   gather information, calculate probabilities, and make statistically optimal decisions.
B)   use relatively simple heuristics.
C)   use relatively complicated heuristics.
D)   make irrational decisions.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 17

The fact that people tend to underestimate the risks of their own health-impairing habits while viewing others' risks much more accurately illustrates that people tend to ignore ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The fact that people tend to underestimate...

Question 18

Briefly discuss cultural variations in cognitive style as they relate to problem solving.

Accepted Answer

Some cultures, primarily Eastern culture...

Question 19

Interactionist theories of language development best reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

Accepted Answer

A)   psychology is theoretically diverse.
B)   behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.
C)   heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
D)   psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

Jim decides not to buy any car with a mechanical reliability rating of less than six, a crash rating of less than seven, a leg-room rating of less than five, and a fuel efficiency rating of less than six. Jim is using the ____ strategy of decision-making.

Accepted Answer

A)   elimination by aspects
B)   selection by aspects
C)   subtractive
D)   additiveE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Exam 16: Language and Thought Part 2

____________________ theories argue that the neural circuits supporting language are not prewired, but develop gradually in response to language learning experiences.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Briefly discuss cultural variations in cognitive style as they relate to problem solving.

Correct AnswerverifiedSome cultures, primarily Eastern culture...View AnswerShow Answer

The most recent theories of language development emphasize the subjective nature of human experience.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research into the impact of bilingualism on language development suggests that bilingual children tend to have smaller vocabularies in each of their languages then monolingual children do.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jim decides not to buy any car with a mechanical reliability rating of less than six, a crash rating of less than seven, a leg-room rating of less than five, and a fuel efficiency rating of less than six. Jim is using the ____ strategy of decision-making.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The availability heuristic implies that people will ____ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and ____ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The conjunction fallacy is a tendency to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house wearing horn-rimmed glasses on a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she must be a librarian. Your judgment is based on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People tend to inaccurately estimate that more deaths occur as a result of tornadoes than from asthma because of a tendency to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Incorrectly estimating that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone is known as the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Owners of automobile junkyards prefer to use the term automobile recycling centers. This is an example of the use of:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Interactionist theories of language development best reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, and so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions they tend to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Based on the results from the Featured Study on intuitive decisions versus careful deliberation, if an individual is faced with a simple decision you should encourage the individual to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Herbert Simon's theory of bounded rationality asserts that people's reliance on simple decision-making strategies often results in suboptimal decisions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evolutionary theorists argue all of the following EXCEPT that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The fact that people tend to underestimate the risks of their own health-impairing habits while viewing others' risks much more accurately illustrates that people tend to ignore ____________________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When using elimination by aspects to choose between different alternatives, it is best to evaluate the ____________________ aspect first.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Some cultures, primarily Eastern culture...
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The availability heuristic implies that people will the frequency of events that are easy to remember and the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

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